Sigmund Freud

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=140 BGCOLOR="#9966CC" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="04100a20ezthtv.gif"> <div> <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Kings Psychology Network"><U><B>home</B></U></A><B>     |     </B><FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#000099" FACE="Papyrus" ><I><B>King's Psychology Network</B></I></FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="id248.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Personality Sketches"><U>Personality Sketches</U></A>   |   <B>Sigmund Freud</B>   |   <A HREF="id160.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Carl Jung"><U>Carl Jung</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id161.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Erik Erikson"><U>Erik Erikson</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id164.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Karen Horney"><U>Karen Horney</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id253.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Alfred Adler"><U>Alfred Adler</U></A></div> <div> <B>Sigmund Freud</B></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#CCFF66" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <IMG SRC="242b5e20.jpg" border=0 width="181" height="226" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B>Sigmund Freud, 1909</B></div> <div> (Photo Credit: The Granger Collection, In Watson, Robert and Rand B. Evans. (1991). The Great Psychologists. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.) </div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG SRC="244b5950.jpg" border=0 width="181" height="149" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B>Sigmund Freud in Later Years</B></div> <div> (Photo Credit: Mary Evans/Sigmund Freud Copyrights, In Engler, Barbara. (2003). Theories of Personality, 6e. Boston, Houghton-Mifflin.)</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="346ad880.jpg" border=0 width="173" height="136" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG SRC="93aafd30.jpg" border=0 width="175" height="211" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div>  Freud's former home in Vienna,</div> <div> now the Freud Museum</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="93ba9be0.jpg" border=0 width="169" height="190" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> Freud Museum, Vienna</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="93dabf00.jpg" border=0 width="171" height="240" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> Freud's Honorary Doctorate from Clark University</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="93faef00.jpg" border=0 width="174" height="240" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Photo of Freud in last home in London , now the Freud Museum of London</div> <div> <IMG SRC="941b4870.jpg" border=0 width="180" height="135" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Freud's last home in London</div> <div> <IMG SRC="943b4870.jpg" border=0 width="180" height="135" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Plaque honoring Freud on home where he lived with daughter, Anna.</div> <div> <IMG SRC="945b4870.jpg" border=0 width="180" height="135" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Historic Preservation Plaque honoring Anna Freud on home of Sigmund and Anna Freud.<IMG SRC="947b4870.jpg" border=0 width="180" height="135" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Rose Garden of the Freuds in front yard in London.</div> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" height=340 BGCOLOR="#CCFF66" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I><B>Sigmund Freud: Early Work in Neuroscience</B></I> <I><B>and Alone with the World</B></I></div> <div> <I> (Notes from exhibit at the Library of Congress, Howard Gardner’s "</I><I>Creating Minds"</I><I>, and Barbara Engler’s </I><I>"Theories of Personality</I><I>.")</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>Freud’s Formative Years</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, now part of the Czech Republic. </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud was surrounded by a bewildering family constellation: a father who had apparently</div> <div> been married twice before and was twice as old as his mother, two grown brothers</div> <div> who were as old a Freud’s mother, a nephew who was a year younger than Sigmund, </div> <div> and a niece of roughly the same age <I>(Gardner, 1993)</I>.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">As a firstborn, he received and maintained special attention from his mother, who lived</div> <div> until Freud was over seventy.  He also had a doting nurse, who seems to have reinforced</div> <div> the message that Freud was somehow special <I>(Gardner, 1993).  </I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud was a very talented child, and those around him responded to his gifts.  He was</div> <div> extremely intelligent.  In his own words: “At the Gymnasium I was at the top of my class</div> <div> for seven years: I enjoyed special privileges there, and was required to pass scarcely any</div> <div> examination”; he graduated summa cum laude. <I>(Gardner, 1993)</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Family members organized much of their daily regime around the young Freud’s needs; he</div> <div> was given his own room and his own bookcases; he did not have to dine with the rest of</div> <div> his family but was provided with his own eating chamber; and when his sister’s piano</div> <div> practicing annoyed him, the piano was removed from the house <I>(Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> In 1860, the family settled in Vienna where he received an education emphasizing</div> <div>  classical literature and philosophy - an education that would serve him well in developing</div> <div>  theories and conveying them to a wide audience.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud read widely: the Bible, ancient classics, William Shakespeare in German and in</div> <div> English, Miguel de Cervantes, Moliere, Gotthold Lessing, , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,</div> <div> and Friedrich von Schiller.  He mastered English and French and also taught himself</div> <div> Spanish so that he could read Cervantes in the original.  Fond of art and the theater, he</div> <div> attended many exhibitions and plays and commented penetratingly on what he had</div> <div> observed (Gardner, 1993).  </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Succumbing for a while to philosophy, he joined a society in which he read the major</div> <div> philosophers, translated John Stuart Mill into German, and took courses for three years</div> <div> with Franz Brentano, a respected philosopher at the University of Vienna with a special</div> <div> interest in psychological issues.  And, not neglecting the area of science, he mastered the</div> <div> writings of Darwin, as well as scientific texts by the most important scientist of the period,</div> <div> Hermann Von Helmholtz <I>(Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Part of Freud’s daily existence was cultural ferment, ethnic tensions and class conflicts.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud posed the whys and wherefores with respect to every cranny of existence: why he</div> <div> and his fiancee are being tested by years of separation; how to live happily with little; what</div> <div> the reasons for suicide are; why one labors for months in the laboratory with but a slender</div> <div> hope of making a discovery; whether women can both manage a home and participate in</div> <div> professional life <I>(Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">While Freud did not excel in mathematics or the physical sciences, and while his sensitivity</div> <div> to music was limited, he ably and comprehensively tackled humanistic and scientific</div> <div> studies <I>(Gardner, 1993).  </I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud had the capacity for friendship and was considered an engaging companion, a</div> <div> dazzling lecturer, and a loyal family member<I> (Gardner, 1993)</I>.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">According to Gardner (1993), Freud was superbly endowed in the linguistic and the</div> <div> personal intelligences.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud chose early to concentrate on research in neurology.  Financial concerns eventually</div> <div> led him to pursue clinical work with patients.  His analyses of patients and of himself</div> <div> became the chief sources for his professional writings.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud’s father died when he was forty in 1896.  Freud fathered the last of his six children</div> <div> in 1895 and, as far as can be determined soon thereafter, ceased to have sexual relations.</div> <div> He suffered a great deal of mental and physical turmoil, fears about death, depression, and</div> <div> addiction to nicotine, as well as a painful chronic stomach difficulty.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>First Career in Neurology</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud went to work in the laboratory of Ernst Bruecke.  He studied the histology of a</div> <div> peculiar king of large cell in <I>Petromyzon,</I> a primitive genus of fish; to determine the fine</div> <div> structure of the nerve cells of the crayfish; and to investigate the gonadal structure of the</div> <div> eel.  In the process, he was granted his first taste of scientific invention: he devised a </div> <div> method for staining nervous tissue with gold chloride<I> (Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud’s list of publications in his early twenties and thirties constitutes a respectable</div> <div> output in the area of neuroanatomy.   Freud came close to discovering the neuron - the</div> <div> individual cell plus its extension - was the basic functioning unit of the nervous system, but</div> <div> the ultimate prize went to Wilhelm von Waldeyer in 1884 <I>(Gardner, 1993). </I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud’s early training in neurology left him with an ambition to seek the biological</div> <div> bedrock of all psychological conditions.  Memory, for him, was at the crossroads of the</div> <div> biological and the psychological.  When we remember, we are recoding original</div> <div> neurological traces. <I>(Freud)</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud grew increasingly interested in the unconscious to be a dimension of human life at</div> <div> once inaccessible and important as a source of thoughts and actions.  In his efforts to</div> <div> decipher the meanings of hysterical symptoms and other neglected mental phenomena that</div> <div> seemed beyond conscious control (such as dreams and slips of the tongue) Freud moved</div> <div> further away from neurological training.  He believed that meaningless behaviors actually</div> <div> expressed unconscious conflict - so he developed techniques for determining what the</div> <div> behaviors might mean.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud was awarded a fellowship that took him to Paris from October 1885 to February</div> <div> 1886.  This brief visit to a city of unsurpassed excitement changed his life.  He worked at</div> <div> the Salpetriere Hospital in the clinic operated by Jean-Martin Charcot.  There he was </div> <div> introduced to a range of fascinating neuroses and especially to hysteria - a condition where</div> <div> individuals, usually women, displayed strange behaviors, such as the paralysis of a limb, </div> <div> psychic blindness, or seizures, all in the absence of an obvious medical condition<I> (Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">After studying with Charcot at the Salpertriere Hospital in Paris – upon returning to</div> <div> Vienna he began using hypnosis, massage and pressure on the head to get patients </div> <div> to dredge up thoughts related to symptoms.  Only later did he began using “free association.”</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud conducted studies in hysteria as indicated by his famous case studies of people like</div> <div> Anna O. who was actually a patient of his colleague, Breuer.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Breuer and Freud wrote about the “talking cure.”  On their analysis, a symptom would</div> <div> disappear once the patient had been able to reproduce in hypnosis the event that had given</div> <div> rise to it.  Sometimes the event had been one of great moment, for example, the thought of </div> <div> abandoning a parent-in-need.  At other times, the event was less momentous in itself but</div> <div>  had occurred at a time when the patient was under great emotional strain.  The</div> <div>  relationship also might be symbolic - thus, Anna O’s pain in her right heel was traced back</div> <div>  to her fear that, when introduced into polite society, she might not find herself on the</div> <div>  “right footing.” <I>(Gardner, 1993)</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">They (Freud and Breuer)  published the findings about hysteria in a short coauthored</div> <div>  monograph entitled <I>“Studies in Hysteria”</I> (1895).<I> (Gardner, 1993)</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Later this work caused them their friendship.  According to Freud, Breuer could accept a</div> <div> dynamic view of hysteria but was made acutely uncomfortable by the discussion of</div> <div> unconscious processes, the theme of transference between physician and patient, and</div> <div> especially by the apparent importance of sexual motifs and motives.  Whenever possible,</div> <div>  he preferred a purely physiological explanation; Freud was already searching for</div> <div>  psychological motivation and was beginning to construct a comprehensive view of the</div> <div>  mental apparatus that could give rise to symptoms, abreactions, and catharsis</div> <div> <I>(Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud believed that at the core of each case of hysteria there exists one or more</div> <div>  precocious sexual experiences<I> (Gardner, 1993).  </I></div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>Experimentation with Cocaine</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> For some time Freud thought that he might have realized a decisive breakthrough as a</div> <div>  result of his experiences with cocaine.  Experimenting with what was then a little-known</div> <div>  substance, Freud had found that a twentieth of a gram converted his foul moods into</div> <div>  cheerfulness; since the drug acted as a gastric anesthetic, Freud thought it might also</div> <div>  prevent vomiting <I>(Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Amazed by these discoveries, Freud also gave cocaine to a close friend who was in pain </div> <div> and concluded that it operated as a “magical drug.”  This euphoria led in turn to Freud’s</div> <div> ill -considered decision to pass the drug on to other friends and colleagues, as well to </div> <div> his fiancee and his sisters <I>(Gardner, 1993).  </I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud wrote a monograph about cocaine in which, for perhaps the only time in his</div> <div> scientific writings, he expressed personal enthusiasm, speaking, for example,</div> <div> of “the most gorgeous excitement” induced by the substance<I> (Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">But the cocaine episode ended disastrously.  First, as Freud’s friend was to discover,</div> <div> cocaine turned out to be highly addictive; moreover, it only produced the desirable side</div> <div> effects temporarily in depressed individuals.  To sharpen the psychic pain, the one</div> <div> unambiguously positive discovery about cocaine - that it served as an effective anesthetic</div> <div> for eye surgery - was make not by Freud by a close colleague, Carl Koller <I>(Gardner, 1993).  </I></div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>Freud and Hypnosis</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud considered hypnosis as an altered state and found it difficult to induce.  He came to</div> <div> depend more on free association rather than on hypnotic powers of suggestion.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud states: But I soon came to dislike hypnosis, for it was a temperamental and, one </div> <div> might almost say a mystical ally.  When I found that, in spite of all my efforts, I could not</div> <div> succeed in bringing more than a fraction of my patients into a hypnotic state, I determined </div> <div> to give up hypnosis and to make the cathartic procedure independent of it.  Since I was</div> <div> not able at will to alter the mental state of the majority of my patients, I set about working</div> <div> with them in their normal state.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>[Source: Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis.  Holographic Manuscript, 1910, Manuscript</B></I></div> <div> <I><B> Division, Library of Congress.]</B></I></div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>Definition of Cathartic Method</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Getting patients to experience the effect, or emotion, connected to a traumatic memory.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>Construction</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud used this concept to mean an extensive interpretation that aims to reconstruct </div> <div> a portion of a person’s past, usually a person’s childhood.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>Transference</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud used the concepts of “transference” and “countertransference” to refer to the strong</div> <div> emotions that a patient could project onto the doctor and the doctor onto the patient.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A transference - such as treating an analyst like one’s father - might promote therapeutic </div> <div> work, but Freud was also aware that this could distort a patient’s (and analyst’s)</div> <div>  perspective).  This prompted his study of the influence of patient-doctor emotions </div> <div> on analysis.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The transfer of the analysts feelings onto the patient - countertransference.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud wanted to know whether this transference in fact produced true insight.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>[</B></I><I><B><U>Source: “Remembering, Repeating & Working Through.”  </U></B></I><I><B><U>Holograph Manuscript, </U></B></I></div> <div> <I><B> </B></I><I><B><U>1914, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.]</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">This essay describes how making the repetition of childhood patterns visible in the</div> <div>  transference can lead a person to self-awareness through recollection.  It is by </div> <div> “working through” repetition, not just condemning it, that analysis aims to make</div> <div>  the past something one can live with rather than something one is imprisoned in.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Analysis aimed only at improving the capacity for love and work.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">These concepts were conveyed in many movies and TV series.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>[Source: “Analysis Terminable and Interminable.” </B></I><I><B>Holographic Manuscript,1937,</B></I></div> <div> <I><B> Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.]</B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">"Our aim will not be to rub off every peculiarity of human character for the sake of a</div> <div>  schematic “normality,” nor yet to demand that the person who has been “thoroughly </div> <div>  analyzed” shall feel no passions and develop not internal conflicts.  The business of</div> <div>  the analysis is to secure the best possible psychological conditions for the functions</div> <div>  of the ego; with that it has discharged its task."</div> <div>        </div> <div> <I><B><U>Dreams</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud engaged in self-analysis through his dreams.  He used his nightly dreams as a</div> <div> point of departure.  He allowed his conscious associations free rein and, in the process,</div> <div> examined in as dispassionate a way as possible the various ideas that came forth</div> <div> <I>(Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud came to believe that all dreams contained some kind of a wish or fantasy. </div> <div>  The dream was the disguised fulfillment of a repressed wish: a psychic means of </div> <div> carrying on some kind of a prior determination, concern, or desire <I>(Gardner, 1993). </I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Each dream was a separate puzzle for Freud.  And, he loved puzzles <I>(Gardner).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Some of the dreams that Freud analyzed have become well known. Dreams such as:</div> <div> the Irma dream, in which a patient receives an injection that makes her suffer and in </div> <div> which Freud wishes that he not be blamed for her suffering; the Count Thun dream, in </div> <div> which Freud confronts an arrogant political leader, thereby fulfilling the wish that he </div> <div> (Freud) might amount to something; the dream of the botanical monograph, where </div> <div> Freud secures the credit owed him for an earlier professional slight. <I>(Gardner)</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Analysis of dreams forced Freud to confront many unpleasant traits in himself (his vanity,</div> <div> his occasional cruelty, his jealousy); his ambivalent feelings, particularly with respect to</div> <div> his recently deceased father; and his sexual feelings, only a few of which he wrote about</div> <div> directly in <I>The Interpretation of Dreams (Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">It might even be suggested that Freud was only willing to confront the pains of self-analysis</div> <div> because he was deeply troubled; he himself craved the kind of “chimney sweep” or talking</div> <div> cure that others had gotten in earlier times from Catholic confessions and that he was </div> <div> offering to his own psychoanalytic patients.  As Freud declared in a letter to Fliess: “The</div> <div> most important patient for me was my own person.”</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud understood dreams (like jokes, slips of the tongue, etc.) To be signs of concealed, </div> <div> conflicting desires.  He considered powerful desires to be always in conflict, and his</div> <div> theories tried to account for how these conflicts give rise to unintentional expression.</div> <div> Dreams and other unconscious acts conceal even as they reveal wishes that we would</div> <div> rather not face more directly.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">“The dream is the expression of a disguised wish.”</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud had discovered in himself deep and deeply ambivalent feelings toward his parents - </div> <div> one dating back to earliest childhood.  On his analysis, he as a young boy felt strong </div> <div> attraction, love, and lust for his mother, contrasting with jealousy, fear, and even hatred of</div> <div> his father.  This amalgam of feelings would be translated into unconscious wishes to marry</div> <div> the mother and to kill the father <I>(Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">While first sensing these feelings in his own psyche, Freud soon concluded, that these</div> <div>  feelings were entrenched in the human sensibility.  He proposed this complex as the</div> <div>  basis both of the Oedipus myth of Greek times and the story of Hamlet from the </div> <div>  medieval era.  Unresolved Oedipal feelings lay at the root of much adult neurosis; Oedipal</div> <div>  themes - or, in women, an analogous “Electra” complex - were encountered in the </div> <div>  unconscious mental life of all individuals <I>(Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Now, in his analysis of dreams, Freud was confirming that sexual themes underlay the</div> <div> unconscious of all individuals, and that defense mechanisms were elaborated chiefly to</div> <div> deal with the unsettling and difficult-to-confront sexual themes<I> (Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud then began a traumatic shift in his own thinking.  From the mid-1890s on he had </div> <div> attributed disorders in his adult patients to episodes of sexual abuse or exploitation during</div> <div> their early childhood years.  Indeed, in his defiant address to the Vienna medical society of </div> <div> 1896, he made this claim explicit.  However, in an apologetic letter to Fliess in 1897, Freud</div> <div> admitted that he had been mistaken.  In many cases, it appeared, there had been no early </div> <div> sexual molestation by a parent or other elder; the seductions had been invented by the </div> <div> credulous mind of the young child<I> (Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Also evolving at this time was Freud’s theory of infantile sexuality.  The dream analyses and</div> <div> his self-analysis had convinced him that, from infancy, youngsters are subjected to strong</div> <div> sexual strivings - searches for pleasure of a psychic, as well as a somatic, nature.  Every </div> <div> child passes through a series of libidinal stages in which the sexual energy is concentrated</div> <div> on specific bodily zones: initially the mouth, then the anal area, then the urethral area, and</div> <div> ultimately the genital area <I>(Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">This belief in infantile sexuality, caused Freud to be ostracized. How could innocent </div> <div> children living in the prim-and-proper Victorian-Hapsburg era, possibly harbor strong </div> <div> sexual feelings, even if these were only operating at an unconscious level?</div> <div> <I> (Gardner, 1993)</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In the final chapter of <I>Dreams</I>, Freud explains <I>“The Psychology of the Dream Processes.”</I> </div> <div> He describes different psychic systems: perceptual and motor centers; a function</div> <div> devoted chiefly to memory (which must retain traces); and a function devoted to </div> <div> perception (which must remain fresh and possess no memorial capacity). Freud</div> <div> breaks new ground with his discussion of memory.  Memories are unconscious</div> <div> in themselves; however, dreams can provide the crucial clue about how the unconscious</div> <div> works <I>(Gardner, 1993). </I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">For Freud, daily life was filled with examples of how wishes and ideas we would rather </div> <div> not face find some form of expression.  They escape our conscious control and emerge </div> <div> in our jokes, habits, and seemingly “accidental” gestures.</div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Parapraxes</I> are slips of the tongue, now, of course, commonly called “<I>Freudian slips</I>.”</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>[Source: The Psychopathology of ‘Everyday Life. 1901.  Rare Book and Special </B></I></div> <div> <I><B>Collections Division, Library of Congress.]</B></I></div> <bR> <div> <I> </I><I><B><U>Repression</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Repression is Freud’s term for the mechanism that turns our unacceptable desires away</div> <div> from us.  Those unruly desires are repressed, made inaccessible to our thinking.  The </div> <div> unconscious and later the “id” are the terms Freud uses for this realm of inaccessibility.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Our repressed desires only appear to us disguised as dreams, symptoms and other</div> <div> seemingly incoherent uncontrolled actions.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Desires are repressed (bringing distress) because satisfying them would bring even</div> <div> greater distress.  But the repressed desires remain active within us, seeking some</div> <div> expression or gratification, even as they are denied.  His manuscripts on narcissism</div> <div> and masochism explore some of the ways in which these desires remain active.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>[Sources: “Repression.” Holograph manuscript, 1915.  Manuscript Division, Library of </B></I></div> <div> <I><B>Congress. “The Economic Problem of Masochism, 1924.  “On Narcissism, An</B></I></div> <div> <I><B>Introduction, 1914. (Library of Congress)]</B></I></div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>The Structure and Dynamics of Personality</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In 1915, Freud wrote a series of papers on <I><B><U>meta-psychology</U></B></I> (id, ego, etc) - the</div> <div> fundamental principles that guide the mechanisms of mind.  Freud thought it crucial</div> <div> to posit the existence of an unconscious that interacts with conscious life.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Id</B></I> - fully conscious - contains the drives and those things repressed by conscious. It </div> <div> seeks pleasure.  Consists of all of our primitive, innate urges (bodily needs, sexual desire,</div> <div> aggressive impulses, etc.)  The id is psychic energy.  It wants immediate, total gratification</div> <div> and is not capable of considering the potential costs of seeking this goal.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Ego</B></I> - mostly conscious or partly conscious - deals with external reality.  It seeks balance</div> <div> and reality.  It seeks to minimize pain and maximize pleasure.  The ego mediates the id </div> <div> and superego.  It holds the id in check until conditions appropriate for satisfaction of its </div> <div> impulses are met.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Superego</B></I> - partly conscious but largely unconscious or subconscious - internal moral</div> <div> judge.  It is concerned with morality; it can tell right from wrong according to the </div> <div> principles of a specific society.  The superego seeks to control satisfaction of id impulses.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The id , ego, and superego corresponds to desire, reason, and conscience.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">If the ego fails to become strong enough, it will be unable to acquire enough energy from </div> <div> the id, and the result may be <I>maladjusted behavior</I>.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">If the id retains control of a great deal of energy, the person may be<I> </I><I><U>impulsive</U></I> (act rapidly</div> <div> and without thinking) be self-indulgent or violent and destructive.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Superego energy in excessive amounts can lead to moral knots and high standards not </div> <div> easily met.  This may contribute to depression and feelings of failure.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Personality consists of psychic energy and instincts ( a psychological representation</div> <div> of a physiological need).</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Instincts are quantities of psychic energy, and all the instincts together make up the total</div> <div> amount of energy available to the personality.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Classes of instincts: <I><B><U>Life instinct</U></B></I> - hunger, thirst, sex.  Energy of life instincts are called</div> <div> <I><B><U>Libido</U></B></I>-<I><B><U>  Death instinct</U></B></I> - destructive instincts; or <I><B><U>Thanatos </U></B></I>- death wish to return to the</div> <div> stress free days prior to birth.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>How Personality Develops</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Infancy and early childhood is crucial in forming the person’s character.  At the end of</div> <div> year 5, growth and change in personality consists largely of elaborating the basic </div> <div> structure formed in the 1st years of the child’s existence.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Personality development is essentially the learning of new ways to reduce tension. </div> <div> As a child grows, it experiences increasing tensions from 4 major sources: </div> <div> 1) physiological growth processes, 2) frustrations 3) conflicts, and 4) threats.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Through identification we choose models (e.g. parents,  teachers, athletes, etc.).  With </div> <div> the imitation of models we save a great deal of time and energy by adopting behaviors, </div> <div> attitudes and styles that demonstrably work for other people.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">If we could not redistribute our energy we would be destroyed by our frustrations.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>On Sexuality and Aggression</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">According to Freud, sexual desires conflict with one another, with social conventions,</div> <div> and most critically, with reality.  He saw them as fundamental yet never fully satisfied.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">We desire what we do not have or what we feel we have lost, and these unsatisfied desires</div> <div> find expression in surprising, sometimes disturbing ways.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">After World War I, Freud paid increasing attention to the phenomenon of aggression. </div> <div> Freud speculated that a death drive was as important as the sexual drive in our psychic</div> <div> constitutions.  He saw the basic conflict between Eros (love) and Thanatos (death) - a </div> <div> conflict never to be resolved and with fateful consequences in daily life and in world events.</div> <div>      </div> <div> <I><B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. </B></I><B>Vienna, 1905.  Rare Book & Special </B></div> <div> <B>Collections Division, Library of Congress. </B> This book contains his thinking on infantile</div> <div>  sexuality, on the fundamental bisexuality of humans, on the continuum between normal</div> <div>  and unusual sexual practices, and on the Oedipus complex.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud believed that children bring germs of sexual activity with them into the world, that</div> <div> they already enjoy sexual satisfaction when they begin to take nourishment and that they</div> <div> persistently seek to repeat the experience in the familiar thumb sucking action.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In his book, <I>“Beyond the Pleasure Principle,” </I>Freud speculated that there existed death </div> <div> drives in conflict with sex drives.  He believed this explained much about the fundamental</div> <div> forces shaping individuals and societies, while pointing to explanations for their</div> <div> self-destructive and outwardly aggressive behavior.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>[Source: Female sexuality. Holograph manuscript, 1931.  Manuscript Division,</B></I></div> <div> <I><B>Library of Congress.]</B></I></div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>Freud and Carl Jung</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <I><B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">“Letter from Freud to Carl Jung.”</B></I> <B>Holograph Letter, January 3, 1913.  Manuscript</B></div> <div> <B> Division, Library of Congress.</B></div> <bR> <div> <I>“Your allegation that I treat my followers as patients is demonstrably untrue...</I></div> <div> <I>It is a convention among us analysts that none of us need feel ashamed of </I></div> <div> <I>his own neurosis.  But one [meaning Jung] who while behaving abnormally </I></div> <div> <I>deeps shouting that he is normal gives ground for the suspicion that he </I></div> <div> <I>lacks insight into his illness.  Accordingly, I propose that we abandon our</I></div> <div> <I> personal relations entirely.”</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">At first Freud saw in Jung a successor who might lead the psychoanalytic movement</div> <div> into the future, but by 1913 relations between the 2 men had soured.  While Freud claims</div> <div> in his letter that it is “demonstrably untrue” that he treats his followers like patients - in</div> <div> the very same letter he alludes to Jung’s illness.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Prior to this Freud had designated Carl Jung as his successor to lead the International</div> <div> Psychoanalytic Association which he founded.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud introduced psychoanalysis to America in September 1909 with a series of lectures</div> <div> at Clark University in Worcester, MA.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>Society’s Influence</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud saw that society creates mechanisms to ensure social control of human instincts. </div> <div> at the root of these controlling mechanisms, he thought, is the prohibition against incest.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud understood culture, as he did dreams and symptoms, as an expression of desires</div> <div> in conflict with one another and with society.  He thought religion, art, and science could </div> <div> be richly rewarding.  But he emphasized that culture is a product of impulses denied a more</div> <div> directly sexual or aggressive satisfaction.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">If these cultural practices fail to alleviate the conflicts at the heart of the human psyche, what</div> <div> then, Freud asked, are the consequences for the individual?  If forms of social life fail to </div> <div> meet basic psychological needs, what then are the consequences for society of these</div> <div> unfulfilled desires?  These remained for Freud the vital questions about the relation between</div> <div> our civilization and ourselves.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">For Freud, the past is not something that can be completely outgrown by either the </div> <div> individual or society but rather is something that remains a vital and often disruptive part</div> <div> of existence.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The emphasis of the past being alive in the present is a central theme in psychoanalytic</div> <div> approaches to the individual and society.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>Evolution and Inheritance</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">He combined his own theories of psychological conflict with Darwinian views on how the</div> <div> earliest humans lived in organized groups.  He borrowed freely from contemporary</div> <div> anthropology.  He had the notion that we physically inherit aspects of our ancestors’</div> <div> experience.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>Group Psychology</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud also did work on the group. [<B>“Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego.”</B> </div> <div> <B>Vienna:1921.  Rare Book & Special Collections Division, Library of Congress.]</B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">He asked some of the following questions: Why do people follow leaders?  Why do</div> <div> individuals deny some of their desires in order to live together?</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Developed the concept <I><B>“Primal Horde” </B></I>which refers to the earliest group of humans </div> <div> characterized by violence and male sexual competition. “Just as primitive man survives</div> <div> potentially in every individual, so the primal horde may arise once more out of any </div> <div> random collection.”</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In <I>Totem and Taboo</I> (1912-1913), written around the time of the first defections, he spoke </div> <div> about the special powers that surround the taboo figure, the primal horde’s growing </div> <div> compulsion to kill the father, and the ensuing struggle among the surviving brothers for</div> <div> leadership and power.  To the outside world, it may have been a parable, but within the </div> <div> Freudian circle, it was virtually autobiographical.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Religion</B></I> in Freud’s view was a response to fear and longing.  Love for and fear of the father</div> <div> found symbolic expression in the major religious traditions. </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud thought that illusions, like delusions, were derived from deeply felt wishes.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">“Religious ideas are illusions, fulfillments of the oldest, strongest and most urgent</div> <div>  wishes of mankind.  The secret of their strength lies in the strength of those wishes.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">For Freud, the child’s terrifying impression of “helplessness” gave rise to the desire for </div> <div> an all-powerful, protective, and just father.  Freud thought religious ideas are built out </div> <div> of this desire and were fundamentally disconnected from reality.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>[Source: “</B></I><I><B>Future of Illusion,”</B></I><I><B> 1927.  Holograph Manuscript.  Manuscript</B></I></div> <div> <I><B>Division, Library of Congress.]</B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Social and cultural issues came to play an increasingly important role in such critical</div> <div>  texts as <I>Civilization and Its Discontents (1930) and The Future of an Illusion (1927).</I></div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Source:</B><I><B> </B></I><I><B>“Civilization & Its Discontents.”</B></I><I><B> </B></I><B> 1930</B>.  Freud asked: How can people be</div> <div> happy in society, if they have to give up fundamental satisfactions?  How can society</div> <div> avoid self-destruction if it only exists by denying basic desires.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In his final work, <I>Moses and Monotheism (1939),</I> Freud identified quite directly with the</div> <div> leader who had founded a new religion, only to be rejected by those to whom he had </div> <div> revealed the “true path.”  This essay represented a remarkable (if perhaps not entirely</div> <div> conscious) turnabout, since Freud had made opposition to organized religion a </div> <div> cornerstone of his personal and scientific philosophies.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>On War and Death</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The war years brought death to the center of Freud’s thinking and his personal life.  </div> <div> In his bleak outlook, Freud understood war to be a resurgence of the violent past that</div> <div>  humankind was incapable of leaving behind.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>[Source: Thoughts for the Times on War and Death, 1915.  Manuscript Division,</B></I></div> <div> <I><B>Library of Congress.]</B></I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>Aggression and Self-Destruction</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Re: Thanatos.</B>  Civilization must curtail the death instinct, but, if people are denied</div> <div>  the satisfactions of aggression, they turn against themselves.</div> <bR> <div> <I>“The fateful question for the human species seems to me to be whether and to </I></div> <div> <I>  what extent their cultural development will succeed in mastering the disturbance </I></div> <div> <I>  in their communal life by the human instinct of aggression and self-destruction...</I></div> <div> <I>  Men have gained control over the forces of nature to such an extent that with</I></div> <div> <I>  their help they would have no difficulty in exterminating one another to the</I></div> <div> <I>  last man.”</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>Epilogue</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In his launching and sustaining of the psychoanalytic movement during the early 1900s,</div> <div> Freud revealed facets of his personality that had long been dormant: his fascination with</div> <div> the military and his desire to lead an engaged and embattled unit <I>(Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud as an individual talent outlined<B> </B>a revolutionary set of ideas; these ideas were</div> <div> significantly at variance with prevailing views and teachings in the domain of psychology,</div> <div> psychiatry, and allied fields <I>(Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud represented a set of ideas as well as a set of practices.  All serious scholars are </div> <div> expected to develop original ideas; that is the basis of their profession.  But only rarely </div> <div> are these integrally related to practice, and even more rarely do they lead to an entirely</div> <div> new mode of treatment <I>(Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud could speak to a large potential community because he had developed techniques -</div> <div> free association, dream analysis, and therapeutic interventions - that could actually be </div> <div> used to help people.  Freud addressed the treatment of diseased, unhappy people who</div> <div> craved a cure<I> (Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud was very productive throughout his life.  Included among his writings are <I>The</I></div> <div> <I>Interpretation of Dreams; The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901),</I> in which he</div> <div> analyzed the underappreciated nature of various kinds of verbal and practical “slips”; </div> <div> and his <I>Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious (1905), </I>a study of the various </div> <div> functions assumed by jokes and other vehicles of humor.  He published his revolutionary </div> <div> <I>Three </I><I>Contributions to the Theory of Sex (1905),</I> in which he elaborated on his ideas</div> <div> about sexual aberrations, infantile sexuality, and the transformations associated with</div> <div>  puberty <I>(Gardner,1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">He also developed a steady stream of case studies, with patients including artists,</div> <div> physicians,schoolboys, aristocrats, and paranoid personalities; papers on therapeutic</div> <div> technique, and eventually, more reflective papers on psychoanalysis ensured that there</div> <div> was much to talk about at the Wednesday Psychological Society and that </div> <div> psychoanalysis did not remain a frozen set of texts<I> (Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Only a few individuals managed to remain close to the psychoanalytic movement and to</div> <div>  its charismatic but demanding founder for the entire period of their involvement. Some</div> <div>  involvements with Freud proved fatal, particularly those who had broken with him. </div> <div>  Freud’s young protege, Viktor Tausk, despondent over his recent rupture with the </div> <div>  unforgiving Freud, committed suicide; of the earlier followers, at least six others</div> <div>  ultimately did the same.  According to Gardner (1993), “these facts represent our</div> <div>  first evidence of the casualties that tend to befall those within the orbit of highly </div> <div>  creative individuals.”</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud’s thinking emerged in the wake of Marx and Darwin, and it developed in a </div> <div> century in which violent conflicts reached unheard of dimensions.  The conflicts that Freud</div> <div> stressed were within the psyche: <I>people at war with themselves and sometimes with the</I></div> <div> <I>cultural authorities they had internalized.</I> But he thought that the way we managed</div> <div> (or failed to manage) those conflicts had everything to do with explosions of violence that</div> <div> marked the modern world <I>(Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Although much has changed since Freud first formulated his theories, today’s concern </div> <div> with the disruptive power of sexuality and aggression has only intensified.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud did not propose solution to how one might escape this violence.  Instead, his </div> <div> writings on the connection of culture and conflict identified fundamental problems for</div> <div> the twentieth century - problems that show no sign of disappearing as we move into</div> <div> the twenty-first.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>[Source: “My Subconscious Jewishness - The Current Jewish Record.” November 1931,</B></I></div> <div> <I><B> Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.]</B></I></div> <bR> <div> <I><B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Refinding Moses.  “Moses and Monotheism - A Historical Novel and Preface, </B></I></div> <div> <I><B>June 1938.</B></I> <B>Manuscript Division, 1939, Library of Congress. </B>In the last years of his life,</div> <div>  Freud once again returned to the story of Moses and reflected on themes common in his</div> <div>  early and late work: <I>the impact of trauma on memory and the identification of people with </I></div> <div> <I> a leader whom they both love and hate.</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud seized on the notion that Moses was an Egyptian and based a story of the evolution </div> <div> of western religion and the role of Judaism in European culture on it.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud remained active until almost the end of his life, seeing patients and writing works</div> <div> even after his forced migration to London at age 82.  His stoicism in the face of a debilitating</div> <div> cancer, the loss of his homeland, and the knowledge of his imminent death has been </div> <div> widely admired (Gardner, 1993).</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud’s last speech was given on December 7, 1938 to the British Broadcasting </div> <div> Corporation in his home in London.  He died on September 23, 1939.</div> <bR> <div> <I>“I started my professional activity as a neurologist trying to bring relief to my</I></div> <div> <I> neurotic patients, Under the influence of an older friend and by my own </I></div> <div> <I> efforts, I discovered some important new facts about the unconscious in </I></div> <div> <I> psychic life, the role of instinctual urges and so on.  Out of these findings</I></div> <div> <I> grew a new science, psychoanalysis, a part of psychology and a new method</I></div> <div> <I> of treatment of the neuroses.   I had to pay heavily for this bit of good luck. </I></div> <div> <I> People did not believe in my facts and thought my theories unsavory.  </I></div> <div> <I>Resistance was strong and unrelenting.  In the end, I succeeded in acquiring </I></div> <div> <I>pupils and building up an International Psycho-analytic Association.  But the </I></div> <div> <I>struggle is not yet over...” Sigmund Freud</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Today, throughout the industrialized world, in countries from Argentina to Japan, as well as</div> <div>  in developing countries like India, one finds trained individuals called psychoanalysts, who</div> <div>  can trace their pedigree to the initial Freudian circle; associations, journals, and training</div> <div>  institutes that call themselves psychoanalytic, Freudian (or according to Gardner, less</div> <div>  frequently, Jungian, Adlerian, or Lacanian); and individuals in other disciplines (history to</div> <div>  philosophy) and careers (artists, painters, critics) who consider themselves members of </div> <div>  the psychoanalytic community.  Freud did not anticipate all of them and might not have </div> <div>  approved of some of them, but their existence is unthinkable without his work and his </div> <div>  example<I> (Gardner, 1993).</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Despite his shortcomings, Freud was a genius who had a profound influence on modern </div> <div> society.  Not only did he provide us with a method to analyze the human mind and a way</div> <div> to heal emotional suffering, he advanced an understanding of child development that </div> <div> fosters healthier child rearing.  Freud sensitized society to a greater acceptance of human</div> <div> sexuality and aggression, as well as an acknowledgment of the influence of unconscious</div> <div> determinants on personality formation and relationships.  Literature and art, as well as </div> <div> the behavioral and social sciences, have been profoundly enriched by the contributions </div> <div> of psychoanalysis.</div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>Summary</U></B></I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Although Freud’s research was not based on controlled laboratory experimentation,</div> <div>  much of it was concerned with empirical data.  The basic setting for his inquiry was </div> <div>  clinical.  He made careful observations of this patients in the therapeutic setting and</div> <div>  gathered considerable information form the techniques of free association and dream</div> <div>  analysis.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud drew conclusions from careful self-observation and the observation of his patients</div> <div>  in a clinical setting and projected those conclusions into philosophical assumptions.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud changed, perhaps irrevocably, humanity’s image of itself.  Since Aristotle, the</div> <div> essence of humanity had been located in our ability to think.  This image found ultimate </div> <div> expression in Descartes’ phrase “I think, therefore I am.”</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In this post-Freudian world, the self-image changed.  Man is no longer viewed as </div> <div> primarily rational animals, but as pleasure-seeking, sexual creatures driven by our </div> <div> emotions.  Freud rephrased Descartes statement to: <I>“I love, therefore I am.”</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">For many, psychoanalysis is viewed as not good because it forces us to consider </div> <div> aspects of ourselves that we would prefer to ignore.  But it is virtually impossible to </div> <div> deny the influence of Freud.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud’s impact and accomplishments have been favorably compared with the impact</div> <div> of Copernicus, Darwin, and Einstein.  Not only did he revolutionize psychology, but</div> <div> his influence has been felt in the social sciences, literature, art, philosophy, and religion.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud’s name is a household word.  Errors of the pen or tongue are called Freudian </div> <div> slips, and many people cannot make one without wondering what the unconscious </div> <div> connection is.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud grappled with ideas that will continue to be of primary concern to society and </div> <div> the world.  Because of that his theories interest allure and excite people everywhere.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Freud’s aim was to develop a comprehensive theory of humanity.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">With the creation of psychoanalysis Freud developed a movement characterized by its </div> <div> own rules, rituals, and doctrine of membership.  Some suggest that the development</div> <div> of this area will one day be seen as Freud’s major contribution.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">As an art, Freudian psychoanalysis is a superb example of the scholarly approach to </div> <div> psychotherapy.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Yet, in modern science only the theory of Charles Darwin has been brutally attacked </div> <div> as Freud’s theory.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7011899000000.gif" HEIGHT="19" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">To sum up his view of personality: psychic energy, levels of consciousness, sexuality. </div> <div> The concept of personality is beset by anxieties, governed by forces of which we are</div> <div> largely unaware, living in a world marked by external and internal conflicts, resolving </div> <div> problems by solutions informed by fantasy or reality.</div> <div> ___________________</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>Sources: </B></I></div> <div> <B>Engler, Barbara (1999).</B>  <I><B>Personality Theories: An Introduction.</B></I>  Boston: Houghton-  Mifflin.</div> <div> <B>Gardner, Howard (1993).</B>  <I><B>Creating Minds: An anatomy of creativity seen throughthe lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky,</B></I></div> <div> <I><B> Eliot, Graham, and Gandhi.</B></I> New York: Basic Books.</div> <div> <B>Sigmund Freud: Conflict and Culture (1999).</B>  Organized by the<I><B> Library of Congress</B></I> in cooperation with</div> <div>  the Sigmund Freud-Museum, Vienna, and the Freud Museum, London. Personal Visits and Study.</div> <bR> <div> <I>                                       </I><I><B> All Rights Reserverd. Rosalyn M. King, Ed.D.</B></I><I><B>, 6-99;3-03</B></I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>RELATED LINKS</B></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://www.psychoanalyses.org/resources-library.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.psychoanalyses.org/resources-"><U><B>Abraham A. Brill Library</B></U></A><B> </B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#CC00FF" FACE="Arial" >(Site currently down-check back for updates)</FONT></div> <div> Contains the largest psychoanalytic library in the world. Includes over 40,000 books, </div> <div> periodicals, and reprints in psychoanalysis and related fields from its beginning to the</div> <div> present.</div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://nyfreudian.org/abstracts_00.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://nyfreudian.org/abstracts_00.html"><U><B>Abstracts of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud</B></U></A></div> <div> A digital version of Abstracts of The standard edition of the complete psychological</div> <div>  works of Sigmund Freud.</div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://users.rcn.com/brill/freudarc.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://users.rcn.com/brill/freudarc.html"><U><B>Freud Archives</B></U></A></div> <div> A few links on the life and writings of Freud.</div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://loc.gov/exhibits/freud" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://loc.gov/exhibits/freud"><U><B>Freud: Conflict and Culture</B></U></A></div> <div> The Freud archive at the Library of Congress.</div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://www.freud.org.uk/fiecover.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.freud.org.uk/fiecover.html"><U><B>Freud in England</B></U></A></div> <div> About Freud's  short life in exile in London, England, including his illness and death.</div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://ipsciences.edu/e-book/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://ipsciences.edu/e-book/"><U><B>Sigmund Freud's Christian Unconscious</B></U></A></div> <div> An e-book by Dr. Paul Vitz. In major writings, Sigmund Freud attempted to show that </div> <div> man’s need for religion was a response to childhood neurosis. In SIGMUND FREUD’S</div> <div> CHRISTIAN UNCONSCIOUS, Paul C. Vitz turns the introspective eyes of psychoanalysis</div> <div> back onto its founder in order to explore the psychological motives for Freud’s rejection of </div> <div> religion. </div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://www.freud.org.uk" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.freud.org.uk"><U><B>Sigmund Freud</B></U></A><A HREF="http://www.freud.org.uk" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.freud.org.uk"><U><B> Museum-London</B></U></A></div> <div> About the life and work of Sigmund Freud during his last years of professional life in London. </div> <div> Takes you on a tour of the Museum and much more with many links.</div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://www.freud-museum.at/cms/index.php/en_home.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.freud-museum.at/cms/index.php"><U><B>Sigmund Freud Museum-Vienna</B></U></A></div> <div> About the life and work of Signmund Freud in his former home in Vienna, Austria, where he also conducted his private practice.  You can also see the bedroom of Anna Freud.  Freud lived in a wonderful, clean neighborhood in Vienna, with a lovely courtyard in the back of the home. If you get a chance to visit, plan to spend about an hour.</div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://www.psywww.com/books/interp/toc.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.psywww.com/books/interp/toc.h"><U><B>The Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud</B></U></A></div> <div> An online version of Freud's volume on dream and dream analysis.</div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://psychclassics.asu.edu/Freud/Dreams/index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://psychclassics.asu.edu/Freud/Dream"><U><B>The Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud</B></U></A></div> <div> Another online version in the Classics of Psychology.</div> <bR> <div> <B>VIDEO CLIPS</B></div> <bR> <div> <B>History of the International Psychoanalytic Association (Founder-Sigmund Freud)</B></div> <div> <B> <iframe width="420" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/TvzEJOFiTwE" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>  </B></div> <bR> <div> <B>Sigmund Freud-Documentary </B></div> <div> <B> <iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nJm7AhdGbDk" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>  </B></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sm5YFnEPBE" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sm5YFnEP"><U><B>Sigmund Freud On The BBC - 1938 - Brief Audio Clip</B></U></A></div> <div> <B> <iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_sm5YFnEPBE" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>  </B></div> <div> Toward the end of his life, Freud was asked by the BBC to provide a brief statement about his decades-long career in psychoanalysis... here, in English, he offers a succinct overview... The "Freud Conflict and Culture" web site said this:</div> <bR> <div> <I>"On December 7, 1938, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) came to Freud's Maresfield Gardens home in London to record a short message. By this time his cancer of the jaw was inoperable and incurable, making speech difficult and extremely painful. A photograph of Freud was taken as he prepared to read the statement you are listening to now. After his long struggle with cancer grew intolerable, Freud asked his physician for a fatal injection of morphine. He died on September 23, 1939." </I></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcyw0_H69q8" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcyw0_H69"><U><B>A Tribute to Freud</B></U></A></div> <div> <B> <iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lcyw0_H69q8" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>  </B></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="books_online"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Books Online</B></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://www.bartleby.com/276/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.bartleby.com/276/"><U><B>Beyond the Pleasure Principle</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.bartleby.com/277/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.bartleby.com/277/"><U><B>Leonardo da Vinci</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.bartleby.com/278/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.bartleby.com/278/"><U><B>Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.bartleby.com/279/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.bartleby.com/279/"><U><B>Wit and Its Relation to the Unconscious</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.bartleby.com/280/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.bartleby.com/280/"><U><B>Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.bartleby.com/281/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.bartleby.com/281/"><U><B>Totem and Taboo</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.bartleby.com/282/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.bartleby.com/282/"><U><B>Reflections on War and Death</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.bartleby.com/283/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.bartleby.com/283/"><U><B>A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.bartleby.com/284/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.bartleby.com/284/"><U><B>Psychopathology of Everyday Life</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.bartleby.com/285/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.bartleby.com/285/"><U><B>The Interpretation of Dreams</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.bartleby.com/286/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.bartleby.com/286/"><U><B>The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.bartleby.com/287/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.bartleby.com/287/"><U><B>Delusion and Dream</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.bartleby.com/288/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.bartleby.com/288/"><U><B>Dream Psychology: Psychoanalysis for Beginners</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.bartleby.com/289/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.bartleby.com/289/"><U><B>Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.bartleby.com/290/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.bartleby.com/290/"><U><B>Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego</B></U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>